Esse artigo tem por objetivo analisar um conjunto de onze [11] cartas trocadas entre Jerônimo de Estridão (347 -420 d. C.) e Agostinho de Hipona (354-430 d. C.) e reconhecer que mesmo em meio a divergências de pensamento, os dois teólogos defenderam a fé cristã e os ensinamentos de Jesus Cristo como modelo a ser seguido pelo homem. Por meio dessas epístolas é possível perceber a autoridade eclesial mantida por Jerônimo e Agostinho em defesa das concepções e projetos cristãos. É (...) verdade que ambos não apresentaram o mesmo “rigor” acerca de determinados temas. Apesar das divergências constatadas e das relações conturbadas, eles se tratavam nas cartas como pessoas reunidas por Deus. As cartas que Jerônimo e Agostinho trocaram demonstram a firmeza e o posicionamento em defesa da fé cristã. As cartas selecionadas evidenciam um embate entre dois dos principais autores da patrística. Para realizarmos nossas reflexões acerca desse embate recorremos, teoricamente, à história social e ao conceito de longa duração, uma vez que as cartas nos permitem compreender um momento histórico no qual estava em curso um projeto de formação humana pautado na doutrina cristã que se efetivou e manteve-se por pelo menos dez séculos. (shrink)

Resumo: Este estudo objetiva identificar a natureza de verdade por Agostinho de Hipona (354-430), segundo as reflexões contidas no VII Livro da obra Confissões (397) que trata da Busca da Verdade. Para isso, é necessário reconhecer quais percursos o bispo de Hipona percorreu em sua vida terrena, bem como sua vivência filosófica. Nesse itinerário em busca da verdade se envolveu com o maniqueísmo, que em certa medida apresentava uma verdade racional e material, perspectiva que se aproximava do pensamento de Agostinho (...) na sua fase de juventude. Conforme foi amadurecendo intelectualmente e buscando compreensões das questões que permeiam a vida humana pode-se depreender o seu projeto de formação cristã, uma vez que, ao criticar o modo como conduzia sua vida pregressa (anterior à conversão) e evidenciar as mudanças em seus atos cotidianos para se adequar à forma de vida de um bom cristão, o autor explicita um projeto de educação e de sociedade que conduza aos bens eternos e imutáveis. A busca e o encontro da verdade ocorrerão mediante ações decorrentes de um ato de escolha particular, livre. Palavras-chave: Agostinho de Hipona; Verdade; Formação Cristã; Vontade. The itinerary of Augustine of Hippo in search of the truth and its Christian formation project Abstract: This study aims to identify the nature of truth by Augustine of Hippo (354-430), according to the reflections contained in the VII Book of the work Confessions (397) which deals with the Search for Truth. For this, it is necessary to recognize which paths the Bishop of Hippo took in his earthly life, as well as his philosophical experience. In this itinerary in search of the truth, he became involved with Manichaeism, which, to a certain extent, presented a rational and material truth, a perspective that was close to the thought of Augustine in his youth. As he matured intellectually and sought understanding of the issues that permeate human life, his project of Christian formation can be inferred, since, by criticizing the way he led his former life (prior to conversion) and highlighting the changes in his acts to adapt to the way of life of a good Christian, the author explains a project of education and society that leads to eternal and immutable goods. The search and finding of the truth will occur through actions resulting from an act of particular, free choice. Keywords: Augustine of Hippo; Truth; Christian Formation; Will. El itinerario de Agustín de Hipona en busca de la verdad y su proyecto de formación Cristiana Resumen: Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar la naturaleza de la verdad de Agustín de Hipona (354-430), según las reflexiones contenidas en el Libro VII de la obra Confesiones (397) que trata de la Búsqueda de la Verdad. Para ello, es necesario reconocer qué caminos tomó el obispo de Hipona en su vida terrena, así como su experiencia filosófica. En este itinerario en busca de la verdad, se involucra con el maniqueísmo, que, en cierta medida, presenta una verdad racional y material, perspectiva cercana al pensamiento de Agustín en su juventud. De haber madurado intelectualmente y buscado la comprensión de los problemas que impregnan la vida humana, se puede inferir su proyecto de formación cristiana, ya que, al criticar la forma en que llevó su vida anterior (previa a la conversión) y destacando los cambios en sus actos para adaptarse a el modo de vida de un buen cristiano, el autor explica un proyecto de educación y sociedad que conduce a bienes eternos e inmutables. La búsqueda y el hallazgo de la verdad ocurrirán a través de acciones resultantes de un acto de libre elección particular. Palabras clave: Agustín de Hipona; Verdad; Formación Cristiana; Voluntad. Data de registro: 28/11/2022 Data de aceite: 18/10/2023. (shrink)

Esse artigo tem por objetivo analisar um conjunto de onze [11] cartas trocadas entre Jerônimo de Estridão (347 -420 d. C.) e Agostinho de Hipona (354-430 d. C.) e reconhecer que mesmo em meio a divergências de pensamento, os dois teólogos defenderam a fé cristã e os ensinamentos de Jesus Cristo como modelo a ser seguido pelo homem. Por meio dessas epístolas é possível perceber a autoridade eclesial mantida por Jerônimo e Agostinho em defesa das concepções e projetos cristãos. É (...) verdade que ambos não apresentaram o mesmo “rigor” acerca de determinados temas. Apesar das divergências constatadas e das relações conturbadas, eles se tratavam nas cartas como pessoas reunidas por Deus. As cartas que Jerônimo e Agostinho trocaram demonstram a firmeza e o posicionamento em defesa da fé cristã. As cartas selecionadas evidenciam um embate entre dois dos principais autores da patrística. Para realizarmos nossas reflexões acerca desse embate recorremos, teoricamente, à história social e ao conceito de longa duração, uma vez que as cartas nos permitem compreender um momento histórico no qual estava em curso um projeto de formação humana pautado na doutrina cristã que se efetivou e manteve-se por pelo menos dez séculos. (shrink)

Background:In their daily practice, Brazilian nurses have been met with complaints from co-workers and patients, as well as bioethical dilemmas intrinsic to the profession, particularly in the cont...

The scientific community has debated the importance of “return” activities after ethnobiological studies. This issue has provoked debate because it touches on the ethics of research and the relationships with the people involved in these studies. This case study aimed to investigate community perception of an ethnobotany research project that was carried out in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil. Furthermore, we reported how the residents of this rural community felt about participating in the activities of “return” that arose from (...) the projects. Our findings demonstrate that “return” activities should be planned from the design phase of the research until its closure as a lifelong process that allows the communities involved to gradually take ownership of the information and actions that are being generated. Similarly, we argue that such activities must be negotiated with the people of the community so that they have decision-making power and autonomy to decide what is most relevant to their lives. (shrink)

Authentic leadership has become increasingly important in the literature, attracting the attention of many scholars in the last decade. This study adopted an employee-centered perspective to guide its examination of the relationship between authentic leadership and individual performance and investigation of the sequential mediation of employees’ affective commitment and individual creativity. An analysis was conducted of data collected from 214 employees working in different business sectors. The results reveal a statistically significant positive relationship between authentic leadership and employees’ workplace performance, (...) which are both directly connected and indirectly linked through the two proposed psychosocial mechanisms. The findings thus indicate that authentic leadership reinforces workers’ emotional connection with their organizations, thereby increasing their individual creativity and, subsequently, promoting better on-the-job performance. This study presents new and significant results since, on the one hand, it relied on a sequential mediation analysis of variables and, on the other hand, integrated the four main constructs into a single model. The proposed model displays the chain of effects between authentic leadership, affective commitment, individual creativity, and employee workplace performance. Implications for organizational management are discussed. (shrink)

This essay develops its idiosyncrasy by concentrating primarily on the trend of body hacking. The practitioners, self-defined as body hackers, self-made cyborgs or grinders, work in different ways to develop functional and physiological modifications through the contributions of technology. Their goal is to develop by themselves an empirically man-technique fusion. These dynamic “scientific” subcultures are producing astonishing innovations. From pocket-sized kits that sample human DNA, microchip implants that keep tabs on our internal organs, blood sugar levels or moods, and even (...) 3D printers that produce tailored hip replacements, the technical innovations of the body hacking trend are beginning to filter into mainstream use, and the repertoire increases every day. These physical transformations with intersecting techniques actively challenge long-held normative beliefs about what bodies do, what they should look like and how they should behave. They provide an alternative discourse on man’s correlation with the world and its biocenosis. Sculpting oneself has become an existential data. Medical technoscience crystallizes the effectiveness of new powers over the organism. Scientific temptation to recreate and enhance the human according to its normative principles has brought up experimental practices that have become the edge of a radical activism operating in the core of western societies, which will be the theme of this paper. (shrink)

‘I am not data’ has been produced in collaboration with a creative coder from the Netherlands. Over a period of six months around 4600 images were chosen from approximately 20,000 images of LatinX femmes. The images were then fed into a generative adversarial network (GAN) simulation that produced this film. The resulting work seeks to elucidate a process of lumping together foreign bodies as a method of amalgamation that works to create ‘new’ information. It exists in tandem with ‘Second Nature’, (...) a body of work on Mexican femme bodies and algorithmic web searches, from which some images are included in this article. The process behind the GAN used for this film becomes a mere reference to a human shape. Its processes of synthesis work as a metaphor for systems of human classification in which the bodies of foreigners become fuel for monstrous stereotypes. There is a sense of history repeating itself through the ways that these technological tools are used in artificial intelligence (AI) which launches questions regarding equality and progress in pursuit of social justice. (shrink)

In this paper we present an approach between the conceptions of choice in Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274) and Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980). The purpose is to offer elements for a refl ection on the permanency of essentially human characteristics under quite different historical – and theoretical – conditions. The analysis follows the assumptions of Social History, from Braudel’s perspective of Long Duration. In fact, it is possible to identify analogies between Thomas’ and Sartre’s concepts of choice, which allows us, in education, to (...) make inferences about man’s responsibility for their actions. (shrink)

Igreja e Educação, tema que se constrói e se manifesta como realização da missão evangelizadora pedida por Jesus Cristo, quando da sua subida aos céus. Ao assumir a educação, a Igreja percebe o mundo como uma realidade em contínua transformação e acredita que o ser humano pode, com suas atitudes, alterar os rumos da sociedade por meio da vivência solidária e da luta por um mundo melhor. Sendo os elementos-chave do processo educacional, a igualdade, a solidariedade, a autonomia, a cidadania (...) e a fraternidade, a Igreja se coloca inteiramente nessa perspectiva. Principalmente com a educação religiosa, a Igreja quer agir de tal forma que cada momento da sua atuação propicie um processo de dignidade, libertação e emancipação, a exemplo de Jesus Cristo. A educação para a Igreja tem, no exemplo de Jesus Cristo, a forma de melhor cumprir essa missão. (shrink)

Neste estudo, a história mundial, tal como concebida por Hegel, é analisada a partir dos §§ 330-360 da Filosofia do Direito. Em seguida, procura-se coordenar estes parágrafos com as teses de Kant sobre a guerra e a paz. Finalmente, as abordagens de Kant e de Hegel são retomadas à luz do estudo de Hobsbawm sobre o cenário político internacional nos séculos 20 e 21. PALAVRAS-CHAVE – Hegel. Filosofia do direito. História mundial. ABSTRACT In this study, the history of the world (...) as conceived by Hegel is investigated on the basis of §§ 330-360 of his Philosophy of Law. Hegel’s theory is afterwards linked to Kant’s theses concerning the pax perpetua. Finally, Kant’s and Hegel’s approaches on war and peace shall be assessed by comparing them to Hobsbawm’s views on the political international scene of the 20th. and 21st. Centuries. KEY WORDS – Hegel. Philosophy of law. World history. (shrink)

In this paper we propose that the term skill acquisition, as commonly used in traditional psychology, and the philosophy, education, movement science and performance development literatures, has been biased by an organismic asymmetry. In cognitive and experimental psychology, for example, it refers to the establishment of an internal state or representation of an act which is believed to be acquired as a result of learning and task experience. Here we elucidate an ecological perspective which suggests that the term skill acquisition (...) may not refer to an entity but rather to the emergence of an adaptive, functional relationship between an organism and its environment, thus avoiding an inherent organismic asymmetry in theorizing. In this respect, the terms 'skill adaptation' or 'skill attunement' might be more suitable to describe this process. (shrink)

Nowadays, that part of Amazonia which is situated on Brazilian territory is more and more the focus of attention for communication methods and the international agenda. This enormous expanse of land covered by tropical forest of unequalled beauty, extending over several Brazilian states, possesses an extremely rich biodiversity, with a vast potential reserve of natural resources of all sorts, and inspires admiration as well as inevitable greed. The intensification of human activity in the region has given rise to problems such (...) as deforestation and a resulting loss of organic matter whose importance has yet to be properly evaluated; it has also led to conflict between the different local groups, such as the indigenous population, gold prospectors and the big landowners, and to the degradation of quite extensive areas, thus provoking questions on how best to promote sustained development in the region. (shrink)

This book offers a powerful, comprehensive and compelling rereading of Hobbes's theory of representation, by reinstating it in a wider pattern of Hobbes’s theorizing about human thought and action in relation to images, roles and fictions of various types.

Social research techniques are a set of devices that contribute to the observation and knowledge of the social. Such devices are the subject of analysis in this article. The main argument that we hold is that increasingly innovation in design and use is required to better understand the complexity contained in social processes we studied, not succumbing to the formalization and crystallization of the same, but opening to movements that blur boundaries and open up new possibilities increasingly filled with everyday (...) observation. The youth as a metaphor for the social contains a good opportunity for the deployment of these ideas, especially in the possibility of addressing the confluence of biography and structure, when these individuals reflect on their future. With a qualitative method we investigate how young people from different social sectors are experiencing the output of secondary education in Chile. Further analysis on the technique used in this research allows us to offer the following thoughts. Las técnicas de investigación social constituyen un conjunto de dispositivos que contribuyen a la observación y conocimiento de lo social. Dichos dispositivos son el objeto de análisis del presente artículo. El argumento principal que sostenemos es que se requiere cada vez más innovación en su diseño y uso, para dar mejor cuenta de la complejidad contenida en los procesos sociales que estudiamos, no sucumbiendo ante la formalización y cristalización de las mismas, sino abriendo a movimientos que diluyan los límites y abran nuevas posibilidades cada vez más llenas de la cotidianidad del fenómeno en observación. Lo juvenil como metáfora de lo social, contiene una buena oportunidad para el despliegue de estas ideas, sobre todo en la posibilidad de provocar la confluencia de biografía y estructura, cuando estos sujetos reflexionan sobre su futuro. Con un método cualitativo indagamos sobre cómo jóvenes de diversos sectores sociales están experimentando la salida de la enseñanza media en Chile. Un análisis posterior sobre la técnica utilizada en dicha investigación, las decisiones que evidencian nuestras lógicas y prácticas investigativas, nos permite ofrecer las siguientes reflexiones. (shrink)

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o fenômeno do Totalitarismo no pensamento da filósofa alemã Hannah Arendt tendo como fio condutor a obra Origem do Totalitarismo. Verificaremos como a filósofa compreende o movimento totalitário e atuação do mesmo para capturar os seres humanos e destituí-los de todos os direitos usando para este fim os mais baixos artifícios, tais como os campos de concentração e o sistema propagandista ficcional. Focalizaremos especificamente no terceiro capítulo da obra supracitada, no qual a pensadora (...) apresenta os horrores das ditaduras e do Totalitarismo, revelando a face tenebrosa e cruel do homem. (shrink)

The paper proposes a novel understanding of how Aristotle’s theoretical works complement each other in such a way as to form a genuine system, and this with the immediate (and ostensibly central) aim of addressing a longstanding question regarding Aristotle’s ‘first philosophy’—namely, is Aristotle’s first philosophy a contribution to theology, or to the science of being in general? Aristotle himself seems to suggest that it is in some ways both, but how this can be is a very difficult question. My (...) answer is in some respects a version of one that goes back at least to the middle ages—i.e., that first philosophy is concerned with the gods (and to that extent offers a theology) because the gods are causes and principles of beings precisely insofar as they are beings. The more original aspect of my position lies in my claim that the sort of tension found in the Metaphysics is likewise to be found in many of Aristotle’s physical works. Thus, for example, the De caelo is (I argue) concerned generally with natural beings (= beings susceptible of change), but its discussions are focused largely on the heavenly bodies and the Aristotelian elements insofar as they admit of change with respect to place. Here I claim that the particular objects of discussion are dealt with precisely because they are causes and principles of natural beings as such. Something similar goes, I claim, for the De generatione et corruptione, the general concern of which is a particular species of natural being—i.e., natural beings susceptible of generation and corruption. In this way, I argue, Aristotle successively deals in his theoretical works with those causes and principles of (say) a horse which attach to it insofar as it is a being, those causes and principles of a horse which attach to it insofar as it is a natural being, those causes and principles of a horse which attach to it insofar as it is a perishable natural being, and so on for the lower genera under which the species horse is subsumed. (shrink)

Corporate social responsibility refers to the duty of management to consider and respond to issues beyond the organization’s economic and legal requirements in line with social and environmental values. However, ‘management’ is constituted by real people responsible for routine decisions and formulation and implementation of policies. It can be said therefore that the ethical ideals and beliefs of these individuals – in particular their personal values – play an important role in their decisions. It is contended in this article that (...) the personal values of managers may contribute to the creation and maintenance of ‘CSR cultures’ in their organizations; that is, organizational cultures focused on ensuring environmental and social sustainability. Based on an exploratory study carried out in Brazil in 2008, this article explores the perceptions of five CSR managers in relation to the influence of their personal values on their work. The first part discusses the notion of CSR within the context of Brazilian society, the second provides a brief literature review on the link between values and organizational cultures and the third explores the perceptions of the participating managers, identifying the main thematic patterns that emerged in the study. (shrink)

Resumo: O presente artigo se destina a tratar do tema da evidência na fenomenologia de Husserl e busca mostrar como essa questão torna-se objeto de uma disciplina fenomenológica especial chamada “fenomenologia da razão”. O texto discute de início a tripla estratificação da lógica feita por Husserl: morfologia pura dos juízos, lógica da não-contradição e lógica da verdade, com o intuito de situar o lugar ocupado pela questão da evidência em sua relação com a lógica e com a concepção fenomenológica de (...) verdade. As 8 seções que vão na sequência dessa discussão ocupam-se, respectivamente, com a dupla redução da evidência na lógica e no psicologismo; com a evidência como princípio; com o simbolismo da lógica; a análise da linguagem e a caracterização fenomenológica dos atos de consciência; a evidência e o ideal da adæquatio; a evidência como efetuação intencional do autodado; a hierarquização fenomenológica das evidências, e seus dois principais modos na adequação e na apoditicidade. Por fim, mostramos como a análise das evidências leva à fenomenologia da razão. Palavras-chave: Evidência; Husserl; Fenomenologia; Razão The question of evidence and the husserlian phenomenology of reason Abstract: This article is intended to address the issue of evidence in Husserl's phenomenology and seeks to show how this issue becomes the subject of a specialized phenomenological discipline called “phenomenology of reason”. The text at first discusses the triple stratification of logic made by Husserl: pure morphology of judgments, logic of non-contradiction and logic of truth. It aims situating the place occupied by the question of evidence in its relation to logic and phenomenological conception of truth. The 8 sections that follow this discussion are concerned, respectively, with the double reduction of evidence in logic and psychologism; with evidence as a principle; with the symbolism of logic; the analysis of language and the phenomenological characterization of acts of conscience; the evidence and ideal of adæquatio; evidence as the intentional realization of self-data; the phenomenological hierarchization of evidence, and its two main modes in adequacy and apodicticity. Finally, we show how the analysis of the evidence leads to the phenomenology of reason. Keywords: Evidence; Husserl; Phenomenology; Reason La question de l'évidence et la phénoménologie husserlienne de la raison Résumé: Le présent article porte sur la question de l'évidence dans la phénoménologie de Husserl, il cherche à montrer comment cette question devient le sujet d'une discipline phénoménologique particulière appelée la « phénoménologie de la raison ». Le texte traite d'abord de la triple stratification de la logique opérée par Husserl : pure morphologie des jugements, logique de la non-contradiction et logique de la vérité, avec le but de situer la place occupée par la question de l'évidence dans son rapport à la logique et à la conception phénoménologique de la vérité. Les 8 sections qui suivent cette discussion concernent respectivement la double réduction de l'évidence en logique et en psychologisme ; l’évidence comme principe; le symbolisme de la logique; l'analyse du langage et la caractérisation phénoménologique des actes de conscience ; l'évidence et l'idéal de l'adæquatio ; l’évidence en tant que réalisation intentionnelle de les données elles-mêmes; la hiérarchisation phénoménologique de l'évidence, et ses deux principaux modes d'adéquation et d'apodicticité. Enfin, nous montrons comment l'analyse de l'évidence conduit à la phénoménologie de la raison. Mots-clés: Évidence; Husserl; Phénoménologie; Raison Data de registro: 20/12/2022 Data de aceite: 22/11/2023. (shrink)

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo explicar os mecanismos básicos da linguagem no século XVI, a partir da arqueologia de Michel Foucault. Para tanto, o itinerário a ser percorrido parte de uma breve introdução ao pensamento do autor e do panorama geral do livro, de sua autoria, “As palavras e as coisas: uma arqueologia das ciências humanas”, bem como de suas questões fundamentais. Após, analisar-se-á o capítulo que trata sobre a filosofia do Renascimento, intitulado “A prosa do mundo”, de modo (...) a elucidar a visão que os renascentistas tinham acerca da linguagem e o que a caracterizava. Também é premente verificar qual a relevância de tal período para Foucault em sua pesquisa sobre a linguagem, a concepção desta como autônoma, independente, dissociada das ideias. Por fim, é feita uma retomada crítica dos pontos abordados neste trabalho. A pesquisa foi bibliográfica e teve como principal referência o livro “As palavras e as coisas” (2000), do mesmo autor. (shrink)

In this paper we propose to relate the humanistic and phenomenological spirit. In particular, by humanism we will refer to the rhetorical humanism that Ernesto Grassi was so concerned to recover. Our thesis would be that this humanism and phenomenology share a pathos, a sensibility and even a very similar fundamentalconcern: the showing (Aufweisung) of the real, a poetic, rhetorical, descriptive, and ontological task. By doing this, both humanism and phenomenology diverge from the predominant rationalist and epistemological tradition centered on (...) demonstration. (shrink)

In the Cratylus, Plato criticizes the traditional rendering of Hades’ name as the ‘in-visible’ while in the Phaedo he endorses it. Despite this conflict, in both cases, the etymologies are used to oppose the negative characterization of this god by the tradition, just as prescribed in the Republic. Furthermore, both dialogues convey a similar description of Hades as an intellectual realm. Thus, there is an underlying conceptual coherence and a use of conflicting etymologies serving the same practical prescription. This article (...) will verify if this scenario constitutes an instance of the serviceable lies presented in the Republic. Taking Hades’ different etymologizations as a case study, we will be able to better understand the justification for the pedagogical use of lies based on the complex interaction between souls with true and false beliefs. Two types of pedagogical lies emerge. Syrup lies characterize situations in which some true information is conveyed through an illegitimate but attractive cover such as etymologization or tales. In this way, they can capture the attention of souls who are hostage to false beliefs. Moreover, there is also the case for vaccine lies in which the illegitimate method used to convey some information has in itself a self-eroding element. Thus, those who receive the information are also encouraged to question the method in due course. After these determinations, it will be possible to evaluate how such a conception of lying scores morally. (shrink)

In the special section ‘Body Hacking: Self-Made Cyborgs and Visions of Transhuman Corporeality’, attention is drawn to cyborgism, a set of cultural and very personal practices of experimentation with the human body that often take place outside the confines of institutionalised technoscience. Known, for example, as ‘body hackers’, ‘grinders’ or ‘self-made cyborgs’ and engaging in unusual forms of body modification, the practitioners are enthusiasts who do not necessarily have any ‘disability’ in the conventional sense of the term. They consider the (...) body a highly malleable material, a transformable, improvable, augmentable entity. The collection of papers in this special section encompasses first-hand accounts of cyborg practices as well as intellectual reflections on their implications. (shrink)

According to Margaret Wilson, Leibniz is inconsistent when it comes to the question of whether one can have distinct ideas of sensible qualities, and this because he sometimes conceives of sensible qualities as sensations and sometimes conceives of them as complexes of primary qualities. When he conceives of them as sensations, he denies that we can have distinct ideas of sensible qualities; when he conceives of them as complexes of primary qualities, he asserts that we can. In this paper I (...) argue that Wilson is wrong to think that Leibnizian ideas admit of various degrees of confusion or distinctness. I also argue that although Wilson's problem admits of being reformulated in a manner consistent with a correct understanding of Leibnizian perceptions and ideas, this reformulated version of the problem admits to a satisfactory interpretive solution. (shrink)

Trata-se de uma contextualização filosófica que perpassa os limites e as fronteiras do pensamento reducionista: que fragmenta e exclui a subjetividade humana em nome da objetividade racionalista. Volta-se ao pressuposto de que tanto a subjetividade quanto a objetividade são legítimas fontes do pensar e do agir humanos e, por isto mesmo, fontes primárias da religação ética entre o eu e o outro. Debruçar-se sobre o conceito de amorosidade, em Paulo Freire, remete à discussão acerca da ética como campo ontológico das (...) relações entre humanos e humanos, e entre humanos e não humanos. A proposta que tangencia o estudo tem por objetivo principal compreender o conceito de amorosidade e seus desdobramentos dentro e fora da pedagogia freireana, sobretudo incorporada ao ethos e à racionalidade prática, nesta contemporaneidade. Almeja-se, com isto, oferecer algumas reflexões sobre o sentido e o sentir da amorosidade como modo de acolhimento do outro no eu, uma possibilidade de reconhecimento de um eu no outro. Palavras-chave: Paulo Freire. Amorosidade. Ética. Formação humana. (shrink)

El objetivo de este artículo es describir y analizar el funcionamiento de un programa de política cultural de Estado, la Usina Cultural de la Unidad Penal N° 4 Santiago Vázquez, ex Comcar, a través de las prácticas y representaciones de los funcionarios que trabajan en el espacio físico donde se desarrolla y de las experiencias de algunas personas que han participado. Partiendo de trabajos anteriores que reflexionan acerca de la política en tanto proceso, proponemos comprender los sentidos atribuidos a este (...) programa de política cultural como una mediación o reelaboración de los significados propuestos por las autoridades que lo concibieron, donde se negocian y se producen nuevas significaciones. El diseño metodológico combinó entrevistas en profundidad a técnicos y personas privadas de libertad que concurrieron a la Usina y observación participantes en sus actividades y en la comunidad educativa del Comcar. Concluimos que el contexto de encierro es fundamental para entender las tensiones propias de la cotidianidad laboral y la producción de sentido de los participantes. En las políticas no solo hay ejecutores y beneficiarios sino sujetos con agencia que participan de entornos sociales que los condicionan. Sus apropiaciones del espacio que abre la política, configuradas por y en las características de la vida social en la que se desenvuelven (el encierro, en nuestro caso), son la política encarnada y constituyen un objeto fundamental de investigación para comprender su funcionamiento y posibles contribuciones. (shrink)

Resumo: Este texto discute a hipótese de que a crise das democracias contemporâneas é indissociável de dois fenômenos políticos distintos, porém correlatos, analisados a partir das teorizações de Michel Foucault sobre a biopolítica e o neoliberalismo: a) a crescente disseminação de atos e discursos de violência, de ódio e de preconceito contra populações vulneráveis, obedecendo à lógica biopolítica da proteção da vida de alguns ao custo da exposição à morte de vastas parcelas da população; b) a disseminação de políticas neoliberais (...) para a gestão da vida de populações vulneráveis. Considera-se que a articulação entre biopolítica e neoliberalismo produz o paradoxo de uma democracia sem demos, no sentido da desvalorização das lutas políticas coletivas por direitos iguais e por melhores condições de vida. Na conclusão, sugere-se que a reinvenção da democracia exige repensar o poder do demos, isto é, repolitizar o poder político de categorias sociais sujeitas a processos históricos de vulneração. Palavras-chave: Crise da democracia. Biopolítica. Neoliberalismo. Foucault. Butler. Democracy in crisis: biopolitics and neoliberal government of populations: This text discusses the hypothesis that the crisis of contemporary democracy relates to two distinct political phenomena, however correlated, analyzed thru Michel Foucault’s concepts about biopolitics and neoliberalism: a) the ascending dissemination of acts and discourses of hate, violence and prejudgment against vulnerable populations, according to the biopolitical logics of protecting the life of some at the expense of exposing the life of others to death; b) the dissemination of neoliberal policies to administrate the life of vulnerable populations. I argue that both phenomena seem to imply the paradox of a democracy without the demos, in the sense of the devaluation of collective political struggles for equal rights and for better life conditions. At the conclusion, it is suggested that the reinvention of democracy requires rethinking the power of the demos in the sense of re-politicizing the political power of social categories subjected to historical process that render them vulnerable. Keywords: Crisis of democracy. Biopolitics. Neoliberalism. Foucault. Butler. Démocratie en crise : biopolitique et gouvernement néolibéral de populations Résumé : On discute l’hypothèse que la crise de la démocratie contemporaine est associée à deux phénomènes politiques distinctes, mais corrélâtes, analysés par les concepts de Foucault sur la biopolitique et le néolibéralisme : a) la vague accrue d’actes et de mots de violence, haine et pré-jugements contre des populations vulnérables, selon la logique biopolitique de la protection de la vie de quelques-uns au prix du rejet à la morte de la vie des autres ; b) la dissémination des politiques néolibéraux vouées à la gestion de la vie des populations vulnérabilisées. L’articulation entre biopolitique et néolibéralisme semble impliquer le paradoxe d’une démocratie sans demos, au sens de la dévaluation des luttes politiques collectives pour des droits égaux et pour des meilleures conditions de vie. Finalement, on considère la réinvention de la démocratie par la ré-politisation du pouvoir du demos en tant que pouvoir des catégories sociales soumises à la vulnération. Mots-clés: Crise de la démocratie. Biopolitique. Néolibéralisme. Foucault. Butler. (shrink)

A predominância dos temas literários e fenomenológicos nos textos sartrianos dos anos 1930 já chamou atenção de vários especialistas e comentadores da obra do autor. É notável, entretanto, como os exames dos textos dessa época contentam-se, no mais das vezes, em apontar o paralelismo ou a contemporaneidade entre fenomenologia e literatura ali presente, sem realçar a fundamentação que uma parece conferir à outra e que constitui uma das questões mais interessantes que a filosofia sartriana levanta. Há que se incluir, na (...) verdade, a estética literária de Sartre na compreensão de suas teses fenomenológicas; teses estas que, por outro lado, fornecem o solo filosófico da literatura sartriana, em termos tanto de autoria quanto de crítica. O propósito deste artigo é demonstrar, assim, uma dependência ou, se quisermos, implicação mútua entre literatura e fenomenologia não apenas central em relação àquele período da produção de Sartre como, também, determinante para seus projetos teóricos e ficcionais ulteriores. (shrink)

A translation of the First Disputation from Francisco Suárez's Disputationes Metaphysicae.

Humanity Divided focuses on the multiple challenges associated with the concept of Israel's divine election, especially as reflected in the thought of Martin Buber and other Modern Jewish thinkers such as Franz Rosenzweig, Hermann Cohen, Yeshayahu Leibowitz, David Hartman, Hannah Arendt, and Aviezer Ravitzky. Particular attention is given to the practical application of Israel's chosenness to Jewish nationalism, Zionism, and political Messianism.

No terceiro momento da “Analítica do belo”, Kant caracteriza o juízo de gosto de modo geral como aquele que se funda na percepção de uma conformidade a fins sem fim. O filósofo, entretanto, reconhece em seguida que muitas situações concretas não correspondem integralmente a esse ideal de pureza judicativa. Um caso notável é o da arte, pois a produção e a recepção dos seus objetos não pode perder completamente de vista o fim que determina aquilo que eles devem ser. Em (...) meu trabalho, abordo essas dificuldades sugerindo que, ao contrário do que se verifica no caso do belo natural, os juízos sobre o belo artístico têm por fundamento a percepção de uma “inconformidade a fins com fim”, expressão que, embora não seja utilizada por Kant, creio ser bastante útil para esclarecer o que o filósofo tem vista nessas passagens. (shrink)